Category: health

Obesity does not always go hand in hand with metabolic changes in the body that can lead to diabetes, heart disease and stroke, according to a new published study…

In a study at Washington University School of Medicine, researchers found that a subset of obese people do not have common metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity, such as insulin resistance, abnormal blood lipids (high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol), high blood pressure and excess liver fat.

In addition, obese people who didn’t have these metabolic problems when the study began did not develop them even after they gained more weight.

The study involved 20 obese participants who were asked to gain about 15 pounds over several months to determine how the extra pounds affected their metabolic functions.
First author Elisa Fabbrini, MD, PhD, assistant professor of medicine, added that, “Our goal was to have research participants consume 1,000 extra calories every day until each gained 6 percent of his or her body weight” “This was not easy to do. It is just as difficult to get people to gain weight as it is to get them to lose weight.”

All of the subjects gained weight by eating at fast-food restaurants, under the supervision of a dietitian. The researchers chose fast-food chain restaurants that provide rigorously regulated portion sizes and nutritional information.

Before and after weight gain, the researchers carefully evaluated each study subject’s body composition, insulin sensitivity and ability to regulate blood sugar, liver fat and other measures of metabolic health.

After gaining weight, the metabolic profiles of obese subjects remained normal if they were in the normal range when the study began. But the metabolic profiles significantly worsened after weight gain in obese subjects whose metabolic profiles already were abnormal when the study got underway.

Senior investigator Samuel Klein, MD, the Danforth Professor of Medicine and Nutritional demonstrated that some obese people are protected from the adverse metabolic effects of moderate weight gain, whereas others are predisposed to develop these problems.”

“This observation is important clinically because about 25 percent of obese people do not have metabolic complications,” he added. “Our data shows that these people remain metabolically normal even after they gain additional weight.”

As part of the study, the researchers then helped the subjects lose the weight they had gained.

The researchers identified some key measurements that distinguished metabolically normal obese subjects from those with problems. One was the presence of fat inside the liver. Those with abnormal metabolism accumulated fat there.

Another difference involved gene function in fat tissue. People with normal metabolism in spite of their obesity expressed more genes that regulate fat production and accumulation. And the activity of those genes increased even more when the metabolically normal people gained weight. That wasn’t true for people with abnormal metabolism.

“These results suggest that the ability of body fat to expand and increase in a healthy way may protect some people from the metabolic problems associated with obesity and weight gain.” He noted that obesity contributes to more than 60 different unhealthy conditions.

Practice Pearls:

• Some obese people are protected from the adverse metabolic effects of moderate weight gain.
• Some key measurements that distinguished metabolically normal obese subjects from those with problems. One was the presence of fat inside the liver. Those with abnormal metabolism accumulated fat there.
• People with normal metabolism in spite of their obesity expressed more genes that regulate fat production and accumulation.

Elisa Fabbrini. Metabolically normal obese people are protected from adverse effects following weight gain, pub Jan. 2, 2014 in The Journal of Clinical Investigation.  (Published in Diabetes in Control Jan 15)

Diabetic foot ulcers that don’t respond to usual care can respond very well to a new membranous patch that is available to patients in the USA.

Dr Dan Fetterolf, head physician at the MiMedx Corporation,  gave an interview to Diabetes in Control this month and described how this treatment fits into therapy for foot ulcers.  The Epifix patches are derived from the amniotic membranes of women who have been screened for blood borne viruses and who are to be delivered by caesarean section. At delivery the placenta is put in a sterile container and sent to the USA production site.

Diabetic foot ulcers are bad news for patients. In the USA the cost of ulcer treatment or amputation has to be borne between the patient and health maintenance organisation.  Thus there tends to be more interest in preventative treatments even when these are expensive. When an ulcer has not responded to the usual debridement, moist dressings and anti-microbial efforts after a month, these ulcers have a relatively poor prognosis and the use of amniotic membrane treatments make financial good sense.

Diabetics have a lifetime risk of getting a foot ulcer of 25%. Around a fifth of these people will go onto having an amputation. Many of these will have additional factors that increase the risk such as neuropathy that prevents people from feeling trauma to the feet, peripheral vascular disease that delays healing and obesity that adds to the pressure on the feet.  Once an amputation occurs that person’s life expectation reduces and their ability to earn decreases. They need much more in the way of social and medical support. These factors all affect the person’s family as well as the economy of the countries concerned.

Prevention of diabetic foot ulcers involves good glycaemic control, daily shoe and foot examination by the person with diabetes and regular foot examination and testing by health care professionals. If an ulcer does develop then tighter adherence to preventative measures becomes essential. Weekly follow up of patients is required.

To allow maximal healing it is important to offload weight on the affected foot as much as possible. Dressings should not be allowed to dry out or else the layer of protective epithelium can be removed at the same time the dry dressing comes off.

Chronic ulcers come with a whole collection of adverse healing factors. Most people will have neuropathy and at least a degree of peripheral vascular disease. The healing ability of the skin is reduced as inflammatory cytokines reduce the healing process. In addition the immune system is rendered less effective by the glycation of immunoglobulins and other factors.

Diabetes now affects 7-10% of the USA population and in certain countries it is higher. The Pima Indians have worldwide the highest proportion of adult diabetes at 50% partly due to genetics and partly due to their very high sugared drinks ingestion.  In the affluent areas of the Middle -East such as Dubai and Saudi Arabia levels are also very high. There is a genetic issue here but also a very high sugar intake.  Scotland is remarkably dreadful too. A lot of this is due to deprivation and our characteristically poor diet. Many families eat no fruit and vegetables at all.  Well, if we can’t beat England at football, we can certainly be winners when it comes to obesity- diabetes prevalence.

From our point of view on diabetesdietblog.com we welcome a strategic approach to reducing the number of people who develop diabetes, and improving the outlook for those who do develop the condition. Proper dietary education and provision in the public domain are essential. Only by doing this can glycaemic control be tackled in a robust manner. When a patient does develop an ulcer, resources to heal this effectively and reduce the progression to amputation is key. If this new treatment could become available in the UK it would be very much welcomed as a way to improve patient’s lives as well as cut back the nursing and medical costs associated with the prolonged treatment of ulcers.